Strong empirical evidence of feasibility must be demonstrated for any study that attempts to construct or model a low-carbon energy future based on any combination of low-carbon technology. In addition to feasibility issues, the heavy reliance on exploitation of hydroelectricity and biomass raises concerns regarding environ- mental sustainability and social justice. While four studies (17% all regional) articulated transmission requirements, only two scenarios-drawn from the same study-addressed ancillary-service requirements. Twelve (50%) relied on unrealistic forecasts of energy demand. Eight of 24 scenarios (33%) provided no form of system simulation. Of a maximum possible unweighted feasibility score of seven, the highest score for any one study was four. Evaluated against these objective criteria, none of the 24 studies provides convincing evidence that these basic feasibility criteria can be met. These criteria are: (1) consistency with mainstream energy-demand forecasts (2) simulating supply to meet demand reliably at hourly, half-hourly, and five-minute timescales, with resilience to extreme climate events (3) identifying necessary transmission and distribution requirements and (4) maintaining the provision of essential ancillary services. We critically review these studies using four novel feasibility criteria for reliable electricity systems needed to meet electricity demand this century. Of the studies published to date, 24 have forecast regional, national or global energy requirements at sufficient detail to be considered potentially credible. While many modelled scenarios have been published claiming to show that a 100% renewable electricity system is achievable, there is no empirical or historical evidence that demonstrates that such systems are in fact feasible. This must occur concurrently with an ongoing rise in total global energy consumption. An effective response to climate change demands rapid replacement of fossil carbon energy sources.
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